LAB CHEMICAL's SAFETY DATA
1-propanol
Common synonyms: n-propanol, normal propanol, propan-1-ol, n-propyl alcohol
Formula: C3H8O
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but highly flammable
Melting point: -127 C
Boiling point: 97 C
Water solubility: high
Specific gravity: 0.8
Flash point: 15 C
Explosion limits: 2.1% - 12%
Principal hazards:-
Propanol is very flammable. It evaporates readily, so it is possible for dangerous levels of vapour to build up, perhaps reaching a point at which an explosion is possible if a source of ignition is present.
If propanol is in contact with oxygen over a long period, explosive peroxides may be formed. These typically have a higher boiling point than propanol, so may become concentrated in the liquid if propanol is distilled. Therefore, bottles of propanol, once opened, should not be stored indefinitely, in order to avoid any risk of peroxide formation.
Safe handling:-
Wear safety glasses. Ensure that there is no source of ignition, such as a Bunsen burner, hot plate or hot air gun, near the working area. Good ventilation is essential; use of a fume cupboard is desirable.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water. Remove any contaminated clothing. Note that clothing soaked in propanol will present a significant fire risk, so should be removed immediately and placed in a safe location outside the building or in a fume cupboard.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of propanol can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. All traces of propanol should be washed from the sink, or it may evaporate and present a fire hazard. Larger amounts should be stored for disposal.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses. Gloves are not normally required when handling this chemical; if desired, neoprene, nitrile or butyl rubber are suitable.
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2-propanol
Common synonyms: Isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
Formula: CH3CHOHCH3
Physical properties:
Principal hazards:-
2-propanol is very flammable. It can be ignited by flames, but also by contact with such items as hot plates or hot air guns.
Safe handling:-
Wear safety glasses. Make sure that the area in which you work is well ventilated, so that it is not possible for high concentrations of the vapour to form. Work well away from possible sources of ignition, such as hot plates and Bunsen burners.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing in a safe area. Be especially careful if a large volume of 2-propanol has been spilled on clothes, since there is the risk of very serious burns if the clothing catches fire. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of 2-propanol can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. However, this material constitutes a fire risk; if large amounts of it are flushed down a sink dangerous concentrations may build up in the vapour phase in sewers. If any 2-propanol is poured into a sink, check that it is thoroughly flushed away. If some remains, a high concentration may build up in the air within the sink, presenting a fire risk.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses: If you need to use protective gloves, neoprene, nitrile or butyl rubber are suitable.
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ACETONE
Synonyms: dimethyl ketone, methyl ketone, 2-propanone, beta-ketopropane, acetone, dimethylketal, pyroacetic acid, dimethylformaldehyde, pyroacetic ether
Molecular formula: (CH3)2CO
Physical data:-
Appearance: colourless liquid with a fragrant, sweet odour
Melting point: -95 C
Boiling point: 56 C
Vapour density: 2.0
Vapour pressure: 181 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.79
Flash point: -18 C
Explosion limits: 2.6% - 13.0%
Autoignition temperature: 538 C
Stability
Stable. Incompatible with halogen acids and halogen compounds, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, caustics, amines and ammonia, chlorine and chlorine compounds, strong acids, nitrosyl compounds. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
Toxicology
May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. Irritant. Liquid may cause permanent eye damage (corneal clouding). Contact with skin may cause defatting, leading to irritation. Long-term exposure may cause liver damage. Typical TLV 750 ppm. Typical OEL 250 ppm.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses, good ventilation and Butyl rubber gloves. Remove sources of ignition from the working area.
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Barium chloride dihydrate
Synonyms: barium chloride
Molecular formula: BaCl2 2H2O
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless to white crystalline solid or powder
Melting point: 900 C
Boiling point: 1560 C
Stability: Incompatible with interhalogens, furan-2-percarbonic acid.
Toxicology:- Harmful, and may be fatal, if swallowed or inhaled. May be harmful in contact with skin.
Safety: Safety glasses, good ventilation.
Methanol
Common synonyms Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, meths
Formula CH3OH
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless liquid with a characteristic smell
Stability: Stable, but very flammable
Melting point: -98 C
Boiling point: 64.7 C
Flash point: 11 C
Explosion limits 6% - 36%
Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
Specific gravity: 0.79
Principal hazards:-
Methanol is toxic. If ingested or inhaled it can cause a wide range of harmful effects, from sickness, heart and liver damage to reproductive harm, blindess or death.
Methanol is often a component in "bootleg" liquor (illegally brewed and distilled alcohol) and there have been numerous cases in the past in which the consumption of such a drink has been fatal.
Methanol is very flammable. The pure liquid catches fire easily and aqueous solutions containing a significant amount of methanol can also catch fire.
The flame above burning methanol is virtually invisible, so it is not always easy to tell whether a methanol flame is still alight.
The explosion limits for methanol (the lower and upper percentage limits of methanol in an air-methanol mixture giving a vapour that can explode) are unusually wide.
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses.
Remove any source of ignition from the working area. Don't forget that a hot air gun, a hot plate or even a radiator may be sufficiently hot to ignite the vapour.
You should not breathe in the vapour, so use a fume cupboard if available. If this is not possible, ensure that the area in which you work is very well ventilated.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for several minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: A person whose clothes are soaked in methanol will be at serious risk from fire, so immediately remove any contaminated clothing and store well away from a source of ignition (preferably outside). Wash exposed skin with soap and water. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, or if methanol may have been swallowed, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help; if the quantity swallowed is significant urgent medical action is vital.
Disposal:-
Trace amounts of methanol can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be collected in a non-chlorinated waste solvent container for disposal.
Protective equipment:- Safety glasses. If you need gloves, butyl rubber is a suitable material.
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2-propanol
Common synonyms: Isopropanol, isopropyl alcohol, rubbing alcohol
Formula: CH3CHOHCH3
Physical properties:
Form: Colorless liquid with an alcohol smell
Stability: Stable, but highly flammable
Melting point: -89 C
Water solubility: high
Specific gravity: 0.79
Flash point: 12 C
Principal hazards:-
2-propanol is very flammable. It can be ignited by flames, but also by contact with such items as hot plates or hot air guns.
Safe handling:-
Wear safety glasses. Make sure that the area in which you work is well ventilated, so that it is not possible for high concentrations of the vapour to form. Work well away from possible sources of ignition, such as hot plates and Bunsen burners.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing in a safe area. Be especially careful if a large volume of 2-propanol has been spilled on clothes, since there is the risk of very serious burns if the clothing catches fire. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of 2-propanol can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. However, this material constitutes a fire risk; if large amounts of it are flushed down a sink dangerous concentrations may build up in the vapour phase in sewers. If any 2-propanol is poured into a sink, check that it is thoroughly flushed away. If some remains, a high concentration may build up in the air within the sink, presenting a fire risk.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses: If you need to use protective gloves, neoprene, nitrile or butyl rubber are suitable.
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ACETONE
Synonyms: dimethyl ketone, methyl ketone, 2-propanone, beta-ketopropane, acetone, dimethylketal, pyroacetic acid, dimethylformaldehyde, pyroacetic ether
Molecular formula: (CH3)2CO
Physical data:-
Appearance: colourless liquid with a fragrant, sweet odour
Melting point: -95 C
Boiling point: 56 C
Vapour density: 2.0
Vapour pressure: 181 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.79
Flash point: -18 C
Explosion limits: 2.6% - 13.0%
Autoignition temperature: 538 C
Stability
Stable. Incompatible with halogen acids and halogen compounds, strong bases, strong oxidizing agents, caustics, amines and ammonia, chlorine and chlorine compounds, strong acids, nitrosyl compounds. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
Toxicology
May be harmful by inhalation, ingestion or skin absorption. Irritant. Liquid may cause permanent eye damage (corneal clouding). Contact with skin may cause defatting, leading to irritation. Long-term exposure may cause liver damage. Typical TLV 750 ppm. Typical OEL 250 ppm.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses, good ventilation and Butyl rubber gloves. Remove sources of ignition from the working area.
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Barium chloride dihydrate
Synonyms: barium chloride
Molecular formula: BaCl2 2H2O
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless to white crystalline solid or powder
Melting point: 900 C
Boiling point: 1560 C
Stability: Incompatible with interhalogens, furan-2-percarbonic acid.
Toxicology:- Harmful, and may be fatal, if swallowed or inhaled. May be harmful in contact with skin.
Safety: Safety glasses, good ventilation.
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Lead oxide
Common synonyms: Lead oxide, lead monoxide, litharge, plumbous oxide
Formula: PbO
Physical properties :-
Form: light yellow powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 886 C
Specific gravity: 9.5
Principal hazards :-
Lead oxide is toxic and, like other lead salts, can cause a variety of damaging effects. These include brain and nervous system damage, blood disorders, reproductive damage and anaemia.
Like other lead salts, lead (II) oxide is potentially very damaging to the environment.
Safe handling :- The main danger is from inhaling powdered lead oxide; therefore, measures should be taken to avoid the material getting into the air. Wear safety glasses and, if working with the powder, use a fume cupboard. Do not carry out any operations which might release lead oxide dust into the air.
Emergency :-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal :- Store for later disposal as toxic solid waste. Do not dispose of down the sink!
Protective equipment :- Safety glasses.
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Iso octane
Synonyms: ( iso butyl tri methyl pentane) , isooctane
Molecular formula: (CH3)3CCH2CH(CH3)2
Physical data:-
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -107 C
Boiling point: 98 C
Vapour density: 3.9
Vapour pressure: 41 mm Hg at 21 C
Specific gravity: 0.692
Flash point: -7 C (closed cup)
Explosion limits: 1 - 6%
Autoignition temperature: 396 C
Stability Stable, Highly flammable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, reducing agents.
Toxicology:-
Harmful if inhaled or ingested. May be harmful through skin contact. Eye, respiratory and skin-irritant.
Personal protection:- Safety glasses, good ventilation and keep away from sources of ignition.
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Di potassium hydrogen phosphate
Synonyms: Albumin, Uracil, Butylparaben, Diazepam, and Dipotassium hydrogen phosphate in a mixture of Acetonitrile and Water. Acetonitrile is also known as Ethane Nitrile and Methyl Cyanide.
Molecular Formula: C2H3N
Physical properties :-
Appearance: Clear, colorless liquid
Boiling Point: 82C (180F)
Odor: Ether odor
Melting Point: -46 (-51F)
Solubility: Miscible in water Vapor
Density: 1.42 (Air=1)
Specific Gravity: 0.79 (Water = 1)
Vapor Pressure: 73 (mm Hg): @ 20C (68F)
Stability: Stable at room temperature in sealed containers.
Incompatibilities: Highly reactive with oxidizing agents, reducing agents, acids, alkalis.
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SAFETY INFORMATION
Conditions to Avoid: Incompatible materials, ignition sources, excess heat, exposure to moist air or water, oxidizers
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION:-
Flammable liquid and vapor. Harmful or fatal if swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin. May cause eye and skin irritation. Target Organs: blood, kidneys, central nervous system, liver, and cardiovascular system. Metabolized to cyanide in the body, which may cause headache, dizziness, weakness, unconsciousness,convulsions, coma and possible death. May be harmful to the environment if released in large amounts.
Potential Health Effects
Inhalation: Aspiration may lead to pulmonary edema. Vapors may cause dizziness or suffocation. Causes upper respiratory tractirritation. May be metabolized to cyanide which in turns act by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase impairing cellular respiration. Maycause tissue anoxia, characterized by weakness, headache, dizziness, confusion, cyanosis (bluishdis coloration of skin due to deficient oxygenation of the blood), weak and irregular heart beat, collapse, unconsciousness, convulsions, coma and death. Ingestion: May cause gastrointestinal irritation with nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. May cause effects similar to those for inhalation exposure.
Skin Contact: Causes mild skin irritation. Harmful if absorbed through the skin. May be metabolized to cyanide which in turn acts
by inhibiting cytochrome oxidase impairing cellular respiration. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis.
Eye Contact: May cause irritation, redness, and pain.
FIRST AID INFORMATION
Inhalation: Get medical attention immediately. Remove to fresh air. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. If breathing has ceased apply artificial respiration using oxygen and a suitable mechanical device such as a bag and a mask. Do NOT use mouth-to-mouth resuscitation.
Ingestion: If swallowed, get medical attention immediately. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4 cupfuls of milk or water. Never
give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Skin Contact: In case of contact, immediately flush skin with plenty of soap and water for at least 15 minutes. Remove
contaminated clothing and shoes. Get medical attention immediately. Wash clothing before reuse.
Eye Contact: Flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES
Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated in Section 8. Ventilate area of leak or spill. Remove all sources of ignition.
Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth), scoop up with a nonsparking tool, then place into a suitable
container for disposal. Do not flush to sewer!
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling: Wash thoroughly after handling. Remove contaminated clothing and wash before reuse. Use only in a well-ventilated
area. Keep container tightly closed. Avoid contact with heat, sparks and flame. Do not get on skin or in eyes. Avoid ingestion and
inhalation.
Storage: Keep away from heat, sparks, flame and sources of ignition. Store in a tightly closed container. Store in a cool, dry, wellventilated area away from incompatible substances.
DISPOSAL GUIDELINES
Dispose in compliance with federal, state, and local regulations. Chemical waste generators must determine whether a discarded
chemical is classified as a hazardous waste. US EPA guidelines for the classification determination are listed in 40 CFR Parts
261.3. Additionally, waste generators must consult state and local hazardous waste regulations to ensure complete and accurate
classification.
USEPA RCRA waste numbers U003 and D001.
The information offered here is for the product as shipped. Use and/or alterations to the product such as mixing with other
materials may significantly change the characteristics of the material and alter the RCRA classification and the proper disposal
method.
IV. HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling: Exposure to the product may result is eye or skin irritation under normal
conditions of use. In the event of contact, immediately flush eyes with water; wash off skin.
Ventilation: Control measures such as local exhaust ventilation may be required where
excessive airborne dust loading may be present
Storing: This product should be stored in a clean dry area to maintain product quality and to
prevent possible contamination by other chemicals.
V. EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION
Control Measures:
Prevention of eye and skin contact may be required under normal use conditions.
However, severe agitation or dispersion into the work environment may require
enclosure or the process and local exhaust ventilation at the source to prevent release
into air. If work environment controls are not implemented, the personal protection
for inhalation, skin and eye may be required.
Personal Protective Equipment
Eyes: Wear chemical safety goggles when airborne dust is expected
Skin: Wear impervious gloves when continuous contact is expected.
Clothing: Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin exposure.
Respirators: Use approved dust respiratory protection if release of the product into the work
area is expected.
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Methanol
Common synonyms Methyl alcohol, wood alcohol, meths
Formula CH3OH
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless liquid with a characteristic smell
Stability: Stable, but very flammable
Melting point: -98 C
Boiling point: 64.7 C
Flash point: 11 C
Explosion limits 6% - 36%
Water solubility: miscible in all proportions
Specific gravity: 0.79
Principal hazards:-
Methanol is toxic. If ingested or inhaled it can cause a wide range of harmful effects, from sickness, heart and liver damage to reproductive harm, blindess or death.
Methanol is often a component in "bootleg" liquor (illegally brewed and distilled alcohol) and there have been numerous cases in the past in which the consumption of such a drink has been fatal.
Methanol is very flammable. The pure liquid catches fire easily and aqueous solutions containing a significant amount of methanol can also catch fire.
The flame above burning methanol is virtually invisible, so it is not always easy to tell whether a methanol flame is still alight.
The explosion limits for methanol (the lower and upper percentage limits of methanol in an air-methanol mixture giving a vapour that can explode) are unusually wide.
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses.
Remove any source of ignition from the working area. Don't forget that a hot air gun, a hot plate or even a radiator may be sufficiently hot to ignite the vapour.
You should not breathe in the vapour, so use a fume cupboard if available. If this is not possible, ensure that the area in which you work is very well ventilated.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for several minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: A person whose clothes are soaked in methanol will be at serious risk from fire, so immediately remove any contaminated clothing and store well away from a source of ignition (preferably outside). Wash exposed skin with soap and water. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, or if methanol may have been swallowed, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help; if the quantity swallowed is significant urgent medical action is vital.
Disposal:-
Trace amounts of methanol can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be collected in a non-chlorinated waste solvent container for disposal.
Protective equipment:- Safety glasses. If you need gloves, butyl rubber is a suitable material.
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Normal heptane-d16
Synonyms: perdeuteroheptane, heptane-d16, normal heptane-d16
Molecular formula: C7D16
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid with a gasoline-like smell
Melting point: -131 F
Boiling point: 200 F
Vapour density: 3.5
Vapour pressure: 40 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.794
Flash point: -1 C
Explosion limits: 1.1 - 7%
Autoignition temperature: 312 C
Stability : Stable, Incompatible with oxidizing agents. Highly flammable. Hygroscopic.
Toxicology:-
Aspiration of this material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Readily absorbed through the skin.
Personal protection:- Safety glasses, adequate ventilation.
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Petroleum ether
Synonyms: amsco H-J, Amsco H-SB, Benzin B70, benzoline, hi-flash naphtha, hydrotreated naphtha, rubber solvent, super vmp, pet ether, ligroine, petroleum spirits, petroleum naptha, benzin, petroleum benzine, petroleum spirit.
Molecular formula: varies. Typically samples contain predominantly n-pentane and hexane, with small amounts of methylpentane, cyclopentane, dimethylbutane and other short chain hydrocarbons.
Physical Form:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid with hydrocarbon odour
Melting point: varies with formulation, typically near -70 C
Boiling point: varies with formulation, typically ca. 35 - 60 C
Specific gravity: varies with formulation, typically ca. 0.64
Water solubility: negligible
Stability: Stable; Extremely flammable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents, all sources of ignition. As a consequence of its low flashpoint, mixtures of this material with air may ignite upon contact with hot surfaces - a naked flame is not required.
Toxicology:-
Since the formulation of this product varies from one supplier to another, the hazards associated with the liquid cannot be defined exactly without a knowledge of the composition. Some formulations are believed to act largely as irritants, but may present little further hazard; others may contain components that could be carcinogenic in humans. Treat as harmful by inhalation, ingestion or by skin contact. If the composition is unknown, assume that the product is toxic if inhaled. Inhalation may cause headache, nausea or vomitting. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Typical TLV 1350 mg/m3 (300 ppm)
Personal protection:-
Safety glasses. Use efficient ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition, including hot plates, from the working area.
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Potassium di chromate
Common synonyms: None
Formula: K2Cr2O7
Physical properties
Form: orange-red crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 398 C
Boiling point: 500 C
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards:-
Potassium dichromate is toxic if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It is corrosive and may produce severe eye damage.
Chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogens.
Potassium dichromate may act as a sensitizer.
This material is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts vigorously or explosively with a wide variety of reducing agents.
Safe handling
Wear safety glasses and gloves. Work in a well ventilated area, preferably using a fume cupboard. Ensure that any spills are cleaned up without delay.
"Chromic acid" baths, which were once widely used for cleaning glassware, should not be used unless (a) there is no alternative available for cleaning, and (b) a suitable procedure has been determined BEFORE work starts for disposing of waste. Note that, since chromium (VI) is a carcinogen, used chromic acid cannot be disposed of down the drains. Chromic acid is, in any case, a very dangerous material and should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Store for later disposal as solid waste. Ensure that the container is marked both with the name of the chemical and a statement that it is a strong oxidizer and a carcinogen.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Common synonyms: Potassium phthalate monobasic, hydrogen potassium phthalate, phthalic acid potassium salt, potassium biphthalate, potassium acid phthalate, 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid monopotassium salt, KHP.
Formula: C8H5KO4
Physical properties:-
Form: White crystals or powder
Stability: Stable.
Water solubility: high
pH: 4
Melting point: ca. 295 C (decomposes)
Density 1.64(g cm-3)
Principal hazards:-
This chemical presents little hazard in normal use. It is an irritant to eyes, skin and respiratory system. Chronic exposure may cause allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water as a precaution.
Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air and seek medical advice if required.
Skin contact: Wash affected areas with soap and plenty of water.
If swallowed: Rinse mouth with water. Call for immediate medical help if the amount swallowed is not trivial.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute solutions can be flushed down the drain unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Potassium iodide
Common synonyms: None
Formula KI
Physical properties:-
Form: White crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 681 C
Boiling point: 1420 C
Water solubility: moderate
Specific gravity: 3.12
Principal hazards:-
Potassium iodide may irritate the lungs or eyes.
Consumption of large amounts of iodide may harm the growing foetus, but normal use of this material in the laboratory will not expose you to dangerous levels.
This material is designated as "Not hazardous according to Directive 67/548/EC", a categorization which is applied to chemicals which are not regarded as likely to cause harm.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Wash out the mouth with water provided the patient is concious. If the amount swallowed is large, call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of potassium iodide can be flushed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipmen:- Safety glasses. Gloves are not normally necessary; if you do need them most normal types of gloves will provide adequate protection.
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Silver nitrate
Common synonyms: Silver (I) nitrate
Formula: AgNO3
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless crystals, or white crystalline powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 212 C
Specific gravity: 4.33
Water solubility: dissolves to give a colourless solution
Principal hazards:-
(1) Poisonous if swallowed or inhaled
(2) Skin contact with silver nitrate solid or solutions is likely to leave silver stains on the skin. These develop slowly over a period of hours and are initially brown, but darken gradually to black. Once the stains become apparent, they cannot usually be removed with soap and water, but gradually disappear as new skin grows.
(3) Inorganic nitrates are oxidizers and may react vigorously with reducing agents.
Safe handling:-
Wear safety glasses. Do not breathe dust. Do not allow solution or solid to come into contact with the skin.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute silver nitrate solution can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Note that silver salts are expensive, and silver may be reclaimed in your laboratory.
Protective equipment:-
Wear safety glasses. Rubber, neoprene or nitrile gloves may be helpful in preventing silver stains on the skin.
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Sodium Hydroxide
Common synonyms: Caustic soda, soda lye
Formula NaOH
Physical properties:-
Form: White semi-transparent solid, in pellets form weighing about 0.1g
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
Melting point: 318 C
Water solubility: high (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 2.12
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage
The solid and its solutions are corrosive
Significant heat is released when sodium hydroxide dissolves in water
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow solid or solution to come into contact with your skin. When preparing solutions swirl the liquid constantly to prevent "hot spots" developing.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: If the patient is conscious, wash out the mouth well with water. Do not try to induce vomitting. Call for immediate medical help
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute sodium hydroxide can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling sodium hydroxide or its solutions. If you need gloves, neoprene, nitrile or natural rubber are suitable for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%
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Sulphur
Common synonyms: Sulfur, sublimed sulphur, flowers of sulphur
Formula: S
Physical properties:-
Form: bright yellow powder. May also be obtained in crystalline form, or in amorphous fragments, typically in a red to brown or amber colour
Stability: Stable; combustible
Melting point: 116 C (but this value depends upon the form of the solid, since sulphur can be prepared in either a rhombic or a monoclinic structure and the two forms have different melting points)
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: near 2
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause irritation. The solid may also irritate the lungs if breathed in.
Sulphur burns to give toxic gases, so should not be burnt in the open laboratory.
Safe handling : Wear safety glasses. Solid sulphur should pose only minor hazards unless heated to a temperature at which it will burn.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists call for medical help.
Sulphur does not dissolve in water so should not be flushed down a sink. Store solids in an appropriately labelled container for later disposal.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Barium chloride dihydrate
Synonyms: barium chloride
Molecular formula: BaCl2 2H2O
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless to white crystalline solid or powder
Melting point: 900 C
Boiling point: 1560 C
Stability: Incompatible with interhalogens, furan-2-percarbonic acid.
Toxicology: Fatal, if swallowed or inhaled. Harmful if in contact with skin.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves, good ventilation.
Carbon tetra chloride
Synonyms: Benzinoform, carbon tet, carbona, halon 1040, tetrasol, tetrachloromethane, methanetetrachloride, perchloromethane, tetraform, tetrafinol, univerm, vermoestricid, necatorina
Molecular formula: CCl4
Physical data:-
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -23 C
Boiling point: 77 C
Specific gravity: 1.59
Vapour density: 5.32
Vapour pressure: 91 mm Hg at 20C
Flash point: none
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include alkali metals, chemically active metals, strong oxidizing agents, allyl alcohol, DMF, fluorine, strong bases. Keep from heat and sources of ignition.
Toxicology:-
This material is a probable carcinogen. Its use must be carefully assessed before work begins in the laboratory. Inhalation and ingestion are harmful, and may be fatal. Irritant. Skin contact may lead to dermatitis. Long-term exposure may lead to kidney or liver damage, CNS disturbance, cancer and damage to eyes, skin and lungs.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses. Good ventilation. Handle as a carcinogen. Consider an alternative chemical if possible. (Note that, because of health risks, large-scale production of this chemical is being ended; in many countries it is now be impossible to buy it without a permit.)
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Hydrochloric acid
Common synonyms: None.
Formula: HCl
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless to light yellow fuming liquid when concentrated; colourless liquid when diluted
Stability: Stable, but reacts vigorously or violently with most metals, bases and many other chemicals.
Melting point: -25 C (concentrated)
Boiling point: 109 C (concentrated)
Water solubility: Miscible in all proportions
Specific gravity: 1.19 (concentrated), close to 1 (dilute)
Principal hazards:-
Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid are extremely corrosive. The risk of damage through contact lessens as the acid is diluted; very dilute solutions are only mildly corrosive.
The concentrated acid releases dangerous quantities of hydrogen chloride vapour; inhaling this can be extremely harmful.
Contact with the eyes or skin can cause serious permanent damage.
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow the acid or a solution of it to come into contact with your skin. Wear gloves if handling the concentrated acid. The concentrated acid must always be used in an area equipped with good ventilation, never in the open laboratory.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute hydrochloric acid can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal. Concentrated acid should not be flushed down a sink but should be neutralised first. Great care must be taken when doing this, since the reaction of concentrated acid with a base is likely to be violent. The acid should be well diluted with water before small amounts of base are added cautiously, with stirring.
Protective equipment:
Always wear safety glasses when handling hydrochloric acid or its solutions. If you need gloves, use neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, or nitrile. When handling the concentrated acid good ventilation is vital.
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n-Heptane
Synonyms: n-heptane, dipropyl methane, gettysolve-C, heptyl hydride
Molecular formula: C7H16
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Melting point: -91 C
Boiling point: 98 C
Vapour density: 3.5
Vapour pressure: 40 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.684
Flash point: -1 C
Explosion limits: 1.1 - 7%
Autoignition temperature: 222 C
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, chlorine, phosphorus. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
Toxicology:-
Harmful if inhaled or swallowed. May be harmful in contact with skin. Repeated contact may cause dermatitis.
Personal protection: Safety glasses and good ventilation.
Phenolphthalein
Common synonyms: 2-(bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl) benzoic acid
Formula C20H14O4
Physical properties:-
Form: Fine white to cream-coloured powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 260 C
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 1.29
Colour change range: pH 8.2 - 10.0
Colour change: colourless to pink
pK at 20 C: 9.5
Preparation: 0.05g in 100 ml 50% v/v/ ethanol-water
Principal hazards:-
This chemical may cause irritation if you get it into your eyes or breathe it in.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Wash out the mouth with water if the person is conscious. If a significant quantity has been swallowed, call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of phenolphthalein can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment Safety glasses.
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Potassium dichromate
Common synonyms: None
Formula K2Cr2O7
Physical properties:-
Form: orange-red crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 398 C
Boiling point: 500 C
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards:-
Potassium dichromate is toxic if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It is corrosive and may produce severe eye damage.
Chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogens.
Potassium dichromate may act as a sensitizer.
This material is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts vigorously or explosively with a wide variety of reducing agents.
Safe handling:
Wear safety glasses and gloves. Work in a well ventilated area, preferably using a fume cupboard. Ensure that any spills are cleaned up without delay.
"Chromic acid" baths, which were once widely used for cleaning glassware, should not be used unless (a) there is no alternative available for cleaning, and (b) a suitable procedure has been determined BEFORE work starts for disposing of waste. Note that, since chromium (VI) is a carcinogen, used chromic acid cannot be disposed of down the drains. Chromic acid is, in any case, a very dangerous material and should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Store for later disposal as solid waste. Ensure that the container is marked both with the name of the chemical and a statement that it is a strong oxidizer and a carcinogen.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Potassium Hydroxide
Common synonyms: Caustic potash, lye
Formula: KOH
Physical properties:-
Form: White semi-transparent flaky solid
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
Melting point: 360 C
Water solubility: high (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 2.04
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage
The solid and its solutions are corrosive
A significant amount of heat is released when potassium hydroxide dissolves in water; this may be sufficient to crack thin glassware if the solution is not stirred when dissolving the solid
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow solid or solution to come into contact with your skin. When preparing solutions swirl the liquid gently to prevent "hot spots" developing.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help,
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute potassium hydroxide can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling potassium hydroxide or its solutions. For many chemicals safety glasses are needed because when the chemical gets in the eye it causes irritation; by contrast, potassium hydroxide can cause serious damage. If you need gloves, neoprene, nitrile or natural rubber are suitable for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%
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Potassium phosphate
Synonyms: Potassium acid phosphate, potassium diphosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium dihydrogen diphosphate, monopotassium phosphate
Molecular formula: KH2PO4
Physical data:-
Appearance: Odourless white crystals or powder
Melting point: 252.6 C
Specific gravity: 2.34
pH 4.1-4.5 for a 5% solution
Stability : Stable. May react violently with strong bases. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
Toxicology:- Not hazardous according to Directive 67/548/EEC.
Personal protection: Minimize exposure.
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Sodium acetate
Common synonyms: Sodium ethanoate, ethanoic acid sodium salt
Formula CH3COONa
Physical properties:-
Form: white crystalline powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 58 C
Boiling point: decomposes at temperatures above about 120 C
Specific gravity: 1.52
Water solubility: high
Principal hazards:-
Sodium acetate may be harmful if a large amount is swallowed..
Safe handling: Wear safety glasses if required by local rules.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help if the amount swallowed is large.
Disposal:-
Small amounts can be washed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses if required by local rules.
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Sodium sulfate
Common synonyms: Sodium sulphate, sodium sulfate decahydrate (if combined with ten waters of crystallization)
Formula: Na2SO4
Physical properties:-
Form: Off-white crystalline or powdery solid
Stability: Stable
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards: Sodium sulfate should not present any hazards in normal use.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help if the amount swallowed is large.
Disposal: Small amounts may be flushed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Toluene
Common synonyms: Methylbenzene, phenylmethane
Formula: C7 H8
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but very flammable.
Melting point: -93 C
Boiling point: 111 C
Triple point: -93 C
Critical temperature: 320 C
Critical pressure: 41 bar
Enthalpy of vaporisation: 38 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of sublimation: 43.1 kJ mol-1
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 0.865
Principal hazards:-
Toluene is toxic if swallowed or inhaled. It is also harmful in contact with the skin.
Toluene is very flammable, so presents a significant fire risk.
There is some evidence that repeated exposure to toluene may cause reproductive harm.
Safe handling:
Wear safety glasses.
The working area must be well ventilated to prevent the build-up of toluene vapour.
Make sure that any sources of ignition, such as Bunsen burners, hot plates and hot air guns, are removed before you start work.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. Note that clothes soaked in toluene will be very flammable, so remove in an area in which there is no risk that they might catch fire.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal: Toluene should be stored in a "non-chlorinated waste" container for subsequent disposal.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses. If gloves are required, polyvinyl alcohol is recommended.
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Sulfuric acid
Common synonyms: Sulphuric acid, vitriol, oil of vitriol
Formula: H2SO4
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless oily liquid when concentrated; colourless liquid when diluted
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic.
Melting point: -2 C
Water solubility: Miscible in all proportions (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 1.84 (concentrated), close to 1 (dilute)
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes or skin can cause serious permanent damage
Concentrated solutions of acid are extremely corrosive
Dissolution of sulfuric acid in water is very exothermic; enough heat may be released to make the water boil
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow the acid or a solution of it to come into contact with your skin. Concentrated sulfuric acid acid should not be diluted by inexperienced users! When diluting acid always wear eye protection, and ALWAYS add acid to water (not the reverse) slowly and with great care. Use constant stiring (sulfuric acid is much denser than water, and if you do not stir when adding acid to water, a layer of concentrated acid may form at the bottom of the beaker, creating a substantial temperature gradient where acid and water meet). Note that freshly-prepared solutions will be warm or hot, and will as a consequence be more corrosive than a cool solution.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute sulfuric acid can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal. Concentrated acid should not be flushed down a sink.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling sulfuric acid or its solutions. If you need gloves, use neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, polyethylene or PVC for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%. Use butyl rubber or polyethylene for concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Aniline
Common synonyms: Aminobenzene, aminophen, blue oil
Formula C6H7N
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but light sensitive; flammable
Melting point: -6 C
Boiling point: 184 C
Specific gravity: 1.08
Explosion limits: 1.3 - 11%
Principal hazards:-
Aniline is a hazardous material. It is toxic, and may act as a carcinogen, mutagen, or a sensitizer.
Safe handling:-
An alternative chemical should be used if possible. If aniline must be used, you must wear safety glasses, use gloves (butyl rubber or polyvinyl alcohol) and work in an area with good ventilation, such as a fume cupboard.
Emergency:-
Eye contact:: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water, then call for medical help.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal : Store for later disposal as toxic organic waste.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Benzene
Common synonyms: None
Formula C6H6
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but very flammable
Melting point: 5.5 C
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 0.87
Principal hazards:-
Safe handling:-
Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available.
If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will not dissolve and presents a fire risk. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local environmental rules. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition) for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials.
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Tetrachloroethylene
Synonyms: per chloroethylene, ethylene tetrachloride, carbon bichloride, carbon dichloride, tetrachloroethene, Freon 1110, F1110, R 1110, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene, ankilostin, antisol 1, didakene, dilatin PT, perawin, perchlor, perclene, perclene D, percosolve, perklone, persec, tetlen, tetracap, tetraleno, tetralex, tetravec, tetroguer, tetropil, further trade names
Molecular formula: C2Cl4
Physical data:
Appearance: Colorless liquid with ether-like odour
Boiling point: 121 C
Vapour density: 5.8
Vapour pressure: 13 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 1.62
Stability: Stable: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
Toxicology:
Skin and eye irritant. Harmful if inhaled or ingested and in contact with skin. This chemical has been reported to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Typical TLV 50 ppm.
Toxicity data
Protective equipment: Good ventilation.
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Normal heptane-d16
Synonyms: perdeuteroheptane, heptane-d16, normal heptane-d16
Molecular formula: C7D16
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid with a gasoline-like smell
Melting point: -131 F
Boiling point: 200 F
Vapour density: 3.5
Vapour pressure: 40 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.794
Flash point: -1 C
Explosion limits: 1.1 - 7%
Autoignition temperature: 312 C
Stability : Stable, Incompatible with oxidizing agents. Highly flammable. Hygroscopic.
Toxicology:-
Aspiration of this material into the lungs may cause chemical pneumonitis, which may be fatal. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. Skin, eye and respiratory irritant. Readily absorbed through the skin.
Personal protection:- Safety glasses, adequate ventilation.
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Petroleum ether
Synonyms: amsco H-J, Amsco H-SB, Benzin B70, benzoline, hi-flash naphtha, hydrotreated naphtha, rubber solvent, super vmp, pet ether, ligroine, petroleum spirits, petroleum naptha, benzin, petroleum benzine, petroleum spirit.
Molecular formula: varies. Typically samples contain predominantly n-pentane and hexane, with small amounts of methylpentane, cyclopentane, dimethylbutane and other short chain hydrocarbons.
Physical Form:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid with hydrocarbon odour
Melting point: varies with formulation, typically near -70 C
Boiling point: varies with formulation, typically ca. 35 - 60 C
Specific gravity: varies with formulation, typically ca. 0.64
Water solubility: negligible
Stability: Stable; Extremely flammable. Avoid strong oxidizing agents, all sources of ignition. As a consequence of its low flashpoint, mixtures of this material with air may ignite upon contact with hot surfaces - a naked flame is not required.
Toxicology:-
Since the formulation of this product varies from one supplier to another, the hazards associated with the liquid cannot be defined exactly without a knowledge of the composition. Some formulations are believed to act largely as irritants, but may present little further hazard; others may contain components that could be carcinogenic in humans. Treat as harmful by inhalation, ingestion or by skin contact. If the composition is unknown, assume that the product is toxic if inhaled. Inhalation may cause headache, nausea or vomitting. Prolonged or repeated skin contact may cause dermatitis. Typical TLV 1350 mg/m3 (300 ppm)
Personal protection:-
Safety glasses. Use efficient ventilation. Remove all sources of ignition, including hot plates, from the working area.
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Potassium di chromate
Common synonyms: None
Formula: K2Cr2O7
Physical properties
Form: orange-red crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 398 C
Boiling point: 500 C
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards:-
Potassium dichromate is toxic if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It is corrosive and may produce severe eye damage.
Chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogens.
Potassium dichromate may act as a sensitizer.
This material is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts vigorously or explosively with a wide variety of reducing agents.
Safe handling
Wear safety glasses and gloves. Work in a well ventilated area, preferably using a fume cupboard. Ensure that any spills are cleaned up without delay.
"Chromic acid" baths, which were once widely used for cleaning glassware, should not be used unless (a) there is no alternative available for cleaning, and (b) a suitable procedure has been determined BEFORE work starts for disposing of waste. Note that, since chromium (VI) is a carcinogen, used chromic acid cannot be disposed of down the drains. Chromic acid is, in any case, a very dangerous material and should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Store for later disposal as solid waste. Ensure that the container is marked both with the name of the chemical and a statement that it is a strong oxidizer and a carcinogen.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Potassium hydrogen phthalate
Common synonyms: Potassium phthalate monobasic, hydrogen potassium phthalate, phthalic acid potassium salt, potassium biphthalate, potassium acid phthalate, 1,2- benzenedicarboxylic acid monopotassium salt, KHP.
Formula: C8H5KO4
Physical properties:-
Form: White crystals or powder
Stability: Stable.
Water solubility: high
pH: 4
Melting point: ca. 295 C (decomposes)
Density 1.64(g cm-3)
Principal hazards:-
This chemical presents little hazard in normal use. It is an irritant to eyes, skin and respiratory system. Chronic exposure may cause allergic reaction in sensitive individuals.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water as a precaution.
Inhalation: Remove person to fresh air and seek medical advice if required.
Skin contact: Wash affected areas with soap and plenty of water.
If swallowed: Rinse mouth with water. Call for immediate medical help if the amount swallowed is not trivial.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute solutions can be flushed down the drain unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Potassium iodide
Common synonyms: None
Formula KI
Physical properties:-
Form: White crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 681 C
Boiling point: 1420 C
Water solubility: moderate
Specific gravity: 3.12
Principal hazards:-
Potassium iodide may irritate the lungs or eyes.
Consumption of large amounts of iodide may harm the growing foetus, but normal use of this material in the laboratory will not expose you to dangerous levels.
This material is designated as "Not hazardous according to Directive 67/548/EC", a categorization which is applied to chemicals which are not regarded as likely to cause harm.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Wash out the mouth with water provided the patient is concious. If the amount swallowed is large, call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of potassium iodide can be flushed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipmen:- Safety glasses. Gloves are not normally necessary; if you do need them most normal types of gloves will provide adequate protection.
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Silver nitrate
Common synonyms: Silver (I) nitrate
Formula: AgNO3
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless crystals, or white crystalline powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 212 C
Specific gravity: 4.33
Water solubility: dissolves to give a colourless solution
Principal hazards:-
(1) Poisonous if swallowed or inhaled
(2) Skin contact with silver nitrate solid or solutions is likely to leave silver stains on the skin. These develop slowly over a period of hours and are initially brown, but darken gradually to black. Once the stains become apparent, they cannot usually be removed with soap and water, but gradually disappear as new skin grows.
(3) Inorganic nitrates are oxidizers and may react vigorously with reducing agents.
Safe handling:-
Wear safety glasses. Do not breathe dust. Do not allow solution or solid to come into contact with the skin.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute silver nitrate solution can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Note that silver salts are expensive, and silver may be reclaimed in your laboratory.
Protective equipment:-
Wear safety glasses. Rubber, neoprene or nitrile gloves may be helpful in preventing silver stains on the skin.
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Sodium Hydroxide
Common synonyms: Caustic soda, soda lye
Formula NaOH
Physical properties:-
Form: White semi-transparent solid, in pellets form weighing about 0.1g
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
Melting point: 318 C
Water solubility: high (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 2.12
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage
The solid and its solutions are corrosive
Significant heat is released when sodium hydroxide dissolves in water
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow solid or solution to come into contact with your skin. When preparing solutions swirl the liquid constantly to prevent "hot spots" developing.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: If the patient is conscious, wash out the mouth well with water. Do not try to induce vomitting. Call for immediate medical help
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute sodium hydroxide can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling sodium hydroxide or its solutions. If you need gloves, neoprene, nitrile or natural rubber are suitable for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%
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Sulphur
Common synonyms: Sulfur, sublimed sulphur, flowers of sulphur
Formula: S
Physical properties:-
Form: bright yellow powder. May also be obtained in crystalline form, or in amorphous fragments, typically in a red to brown or amber colour
Stability: Stable; combustible
Melting point: 116 C (but this value depends upon the form of the solid, since sulphur can be prepared in either a rhombic or a monoclinic structure and the two forms have different melting points)
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: near 2
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause irritation. The solid may also irritate the lungs if breathed in.
Sulphur burns to give toxic gases, so should not be burnt in the open laboratory.
Safe handling : Wear safety glasses. Solid sulphur should pose only minor hazards unless heated to a temperature at which it will burn.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists call for medical help.
Sulphur does not dissolve in water so should not be flushed down a sink. Store solids in an appropriately labelled container for later disposal.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Barium chloride dihydrate
Synonyms: barium chloride
Molecular formula: BaCl2 2H2O
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless to white crystalline solid or powder
Melting point: 900 C
Boiling point: 1560 C
Stability: Incompatible with interhalogens, furan-2-percarbonic acid.
Toxicology: Fatal, if swallowed or inhaled. Harmful if in contact with skin.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves, good ventilation.
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Carbon tetra chloride
Synonyms: Benzinoform, carbon tet, carbona, halon 1040, tetrasol, tetrachloromethane, methanetetrachloride, perchloromethane, tetraform, tetrafinol, univerm, vermoestricid, necatorina
Molecular formula: CCl4
Physical data:-
Appearance: colourless liquid
Melting point: -23 C
Boiling point: 77 C
Specific gravity: 1.59
Vapour density: 5.32
Vapour pressure: 91 mm Hg at 20C
Flash point: none
Stability: Stable. Substances to be avoided include alkali metals, chemically active metals, strong oxidizing agents, allyl alcohol, DMF, fluorine, strong bases. Keep from heat and sources of ignition.
Toxicology:-
This material is a probable carcinogen. Its use must be carefully assessed before work begins in the laboratory. Inhalation and ingestion are harmful, and may be fatal. Irritant. Skin contact may lead to dermatitis. Long-term exposure may lead to kidney or liver damage, CNS disturbance, cancer and damage to eyes, skin and lungs.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses. Good ventilation. Handle as a carcinogen. Consider an alternative chemical if possible. (Note that, because of health risks, large-scale production of this chemical is being ended; in many countries it is now be impossible to buy it without a permit.)
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Hydrochloric acid
Common synonyms: None.
Formula: HCl
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless to light yellow fuming liquid when concentrated; colourless liquid when diluted
Stability: Stable, but reacts vigorously or violently with most metals, bases and many other chemicals.
Melting point: -25 C (concentrated)
Boiling point: 109 C (concentrated)
Water solubility: Miscible in all proportions
Specific gravity: 1.19 (concentrated), close to 1 (dilute)
Principal hazards:-
Concentrated solutions of hydrochloric acid are extremely corrosive. The risk of damage through contact lessens as the acid is diluted; very dilute solutions are only mildly corrosive.
The concentrated acid releases dangerous quantities of hydrogen chloride vapour; inhaling this can be extremely harmful.
Contact with the eyes or skin can cause serious permanent damage.
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow the acid or a solution of it to come into contact with your skin. Wear gloves if handling the concentrated acid. The concentrated acid must always be used in an area equipped with good ventilation, never in the open laboratory.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute hydrochloric acid can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal. Concentrated acid should not be flushed down a sink but should be neutralised first. Great care must be taken when doing this, since the reaction of concentrated acid with a base is likely to be violent. The acid should be well diluted with water before small amounts of base are added cautiously, with stirring.
Protective equipment:
Always wear safety glasses when handling hydrochloric acid or its solutions. If you need gloves, use neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, or nitrile. When handling the concentrated acid good ventilation is vital.
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n-Heptane
Synonyms: n-heptane, dipropyl methane, gettysolve-C, heptyl hydride
Molecular formula: C7H16
Physical data:-
Appearance: Colourless liquid
Melting point: -91 C
Boiling point: 98 C
Vapour density: 3.5
Vapour pressure: 40 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 0.684
Flash point: -1 C
Explosion limits: 1.1 - 7%
Autoignition temperature: 222 C
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with oxidizing agents, chlorine, phosphorus. Highly flammable. Readily forms explosive mixtures with air.
Toxicology:-
Harmful if inhaled or swallowed. May be harmful in contact with skin. Repeated contact may cause dermatitis.
Personal protection: Safety glasses and good ventilation.
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Nitric Acid
Common synonyms: None
Formula HNO3
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless to light yellow fuming liquid at high concentrations, colourless liquid at lower concentrations
Boiling point: Depends upon concentration
Water solubility: Miscible in all proportions
Specific gravity: 2.12
Stability: Stable, but reacts violently with many metals. This material is a strong oxidizer, so must be kept away from organic materials.
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage
Concentrated and moderately concentrated solutions are very corrosive and can cause serious skin damage
Fumes from concentrated nitric acid are very damaging if inhaled
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help
Safe handling:
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow even dilute nitric acid solution to come into contact with your skin. Ensure that good ventilation is available, especially if using concentrated acid.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute nitric acid can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling nitric acid or its solutions. If you need to use gloves, butyl rubber, neoprene, or polyethylene are suitable for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%.
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Phenolphthalein
Common synonyms: 2-(bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl) methyl) benzoic acid
Formula C20H14O4
Physical properties:-
Form: Fine white to cream-coloured powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 260 C
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 1.29
Colour change range: pH 8.2 - 10.0
Colour change: colourless to pink
pK at 20 C: 9.5
Preparation: 0.05g in 100 ml 50% v/v/ ethanol-water
Principal hazards:-
This chemical may cause irritation if you get it into your eyes or breathe it in.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. If irritation persists call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Wash out the mouth with water if the person is conscious. If a significant quantity has been swallowed, call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Small amounts of phenolphthalein can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment Safety glasses.
Potassium dichromate
Common synonyms: None
Formula K2Cr2O7
Physical properties:-
Form: orange-red crystalline solid
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 398 C
Boiling point: 500 C
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards:-
Potassium dichromate is toxic if swallowed, inhaled or absorbed through the skin. It is corrosive and may produce severe eye damage.
Chromium (VI) compounds are carcinogens.
Potassium dichromate may act as a sensitizer.
This material is a strong oxidizing agent and reacts vigorously or explosively with a wide variety of reducing agents.
Safe handling:
Wear safety glasses and gloves. Work in a well ventilated area, preferably using a fume cupboard. Ensure that any spills are cleaned up without delay.
"Chromic acid" baths, which were once widely used for cleaning glassware, should not be used unless (a) there is no alternative available for cleaning, and (b) a suitable procedure has been determined BEFORE work starts for disposing of waste. Note that, since chromium (VI) is a carcinogen, used chromic acid cannot be disposed of down the drains. Chromic acid is, in any case, a very dangerous material and should not be used unless it is absolutely necessary.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help.
Disposal:-
Store for later disposal as solid waste. Ensure that the container is marked both with the name of the chemical and a statement that it is a strong oxidizer and a carcinogen.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Potassium Hydroxide
Common synonyms: Caustic potash, lye
Formula: KOH
Physical properties:-
Form: White semi-transparent flaky solid
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic. Absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
Melting point: 360 C
Water solubility: high (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 2.04
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes can cause serious long-term damage
The solid and its solutions are corrosive
A significant amount of heat is released when potassium hydroxide dissolves in water; this may be sufficient to crack thin glassware if the solution is not stirred when dissolving the solid
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow solid or solution to come into contact with your skin. When preparing solutions swirl the liquid gently to prevent "hot spots" developing.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help,
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute potassium hydroxide can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling potassium hydroxide or its solutions. For many chemicals safety glasses are needed because when the chemical gets in the eye it causes irritation; by contrast, potassium hydroxide can cause serious damage. If you need gloves, neoprene, nitrile or natural rubber are suitable for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%
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Potassium phosphate
Synonyms: Potassium acid phosphate, potassium diphosphate, potassium dihydrogenphosphate, potassium dihydrogen diphosphate, monopotassium phosphate
Molecular formula: KH2PO4
Physical data:-
Appearance: Odourless white crystals or powder
Melting point: 252.6 C
Specific gravity: 2.34
pH 4.1-4.5 for a 5% solution
Stability : Stable. May react violently with strong bases. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
Toxicology:- Not hazardous according to Directive 67/548/EEC.
Personal protection: Minimize exposure.
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Sodium acetate
Common synonyms: Sodium ethanoate, ethanoic acid sodium salt
Formula CH3COONa
Physical properties:-
Form: white crystalline powder
Stability: Stable
Melting point: 58 C
Boiling point: decomposes at temperatures above about 120 C
Specific gravity: 1.52
Water solubility: high
Principal hazards:-
Sodium acetate may be harmful if a large amount is swallowed..
Safe handling: Wear safety glasses if required by local rules.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help if the amount swallowed is large.
Disposal:-
Small amounts can be washed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses if required by local rules.
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Sodium sulfate
Common synonyms: Sodium sulphate, sodium sulfate decahydrate (if combined with ten waters of crystallization)
Formula: Na2SO4
Physical properties:-
Form: Off-white crystalline or powdery solid
Stability: Stable
Specific gravity: 2.68
Principal hazards: Sodium sulfate should not present any hazards in normal use.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with water. If irritation persists, call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with water.
If swallowed: Call for medical help if the amount swallowed is large.
Disposal: Small amounts may be flushed down the sink unless local rules prohibit this.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses.
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Toluene
Common synonyms: Methylbenzene, phenylmethane
Formula: C7 H8
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but very flammable.
Melting point: -93 C
Boiling point: 111 C
Triple point: -93 C
Critical temperature: 320 C
Critical pressure: 41 bar
Enthalpy of vaporisation: 38 kJ mol-1
Enthalpy of sublimation: 43.1 kJ mol-1
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 0.865
Principal hazards:-
Toluene is toxic if swallowed or inhaled. It is also harmful in contact with the skin.
Toluene is very flammable, so presents a significant fire risk.
There is some evidence that repeated exposure to toluene may cause reproductive harm.
Safe handling:
Wear safety glasses.
The working area must be well ventilated to prevent the build-up of toluene vapour.
Make sure that any sources of ignition, such as Bunsen burners, hot plates and hot air guns, are removed before you start work.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid. Note that clothes soaked in toluene will be very flammable, so remove in an area in which there is no risk that they might catch fire.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal: Toluene should be stored in a "non-chlorinated waste" container for subsequent disposal.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses. If gloves are required, polyvinyl alcohol is recommended.
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Sulfuric acid
Common synonyms: Sulphuric acid, vitriol, oil of vitriol
Formula: H2SO4
Physical properties:-
Form: Colourless oily liquid when concentrated; colourless liquid when diluted
Stability: Stable, but hygroscopic.
Melting point: -2 C
Water solubility: Miscible in all proportions (dissolution is very exothermic)
Specific gravity: 1.84 (concentrated), close to 1 (dilute)
Principal hazards:-
Contact with the eyes or skin can cause serious permanent damage
Concentrated solutions of acid are extremely corrosive
Dissolution of sulfuric acid in water is very exothermic; enough heat may be released to make the water boil
Safe handling:-
Always wear safety glasses. Do not allow the acid or a solution of it to come into contact with your skin. Concentrated sulfuric acid acid should not be diluted by inexperienced users! When diluting acid always wear eye protection, and ALWAYS add acid to water (not the reverse) slowly and with great care. Use constant stiring (sulfuric acid is much denser than water, and if you do not stir when adding acid to water, a layer of concentrated acid may form at the bottom of the beaker, creating a substantial temperature gradient where acid and water meet). Note that freshly-prepared solutions will be warm or hot, and will as a consequence be more corrosive than a cool solution.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with plenty of water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Drink plenty of water and call for immediate medical help
Disposal:-
Small amounts of dilute sulfuric acid can be flushed down a sink with a large quantity of water, unless local rules prohibit this. Larger amounts should be neutralised before disposal. Concentrated acid should not be flushed down a sink.
Protective equipment:-
ALWAYS wear safety glasses when handling sulfuric acid or its solutions. If you need gloves, use neoprene, butyl rubber, natural rubber, polyethylene or PVC for handling solutions at concentrations of up to 70%. Use butyl rubber or polyethylene for concentrated sulfuric acid.
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Aniline
Common synonyms: Aminobenzene, aminophen, blue oil
Formula C6H7N
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but light sensitive; flammable
Melting point: -6 C
Boiling point: 184 C
Specific gravity: 1.08
Explosion limits: 1.3 - 11%
Principal hazards:-
Aniline is a hazardous material. It is toxic, and may act as a carcinogen, mutagen, or a sensitizer.
Safe handling:-
An alternative chemical should be used if possible. If aniline must be used, you must wear safety glasses, use gloves (butyl rubber or polyvinyl alcohol) and work in an area with good ventilation, such as a fume cupboard.
Emergency:-
Eye contact:: Immediately flush the eye with water. Call for medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water, then call for medical help.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal : Store for later disposal as toxic organic waste.
Protective equipment: Safety glasses, gloves.
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Benzene
Common synonyms: None
Formula C6H6
Physical properties:-
Form: colourless liquid
Stability: Stable, but very flammable
Melting point: 5.5 C
Water solubility: negligible
Specific gravity: 0.87
Principal hazards:-
- Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent).
- Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk.
Safe handling:-
Benzene should NOT be used at all unless no safer alternatives are available.
If benzene must be used in an experiment, it should be handled at all stages in a fume cupboard. Wear safety glasses and use protective gloves.
Emergency:-
Eye contact: Immediately flush the eye with plenty of water. Continue for at least ten minutes and call for immediate medical help.
Skin contact: Wash off with soap and water. Remove any contaminated clothing. If the skin reddens or appears damaged, call for medical aid.
If swallowed: Call for immediate medical help.
Disposal:-
It is dangerous to try to dispose of benzene by washing it down a sink, since it is toxic, will not dissolve and presents a fire risk. It is probable that trying to dispose of benzene in this way will also break local environmental rules. Instead, retain in a safe place in the laboratory (well away from any source of ignition) for disposal with other flammable, non-chlorinated solvents.
Protective equipment:-
Safety glasses. If gloves are worn, PVA, butyl rubber and viton are suitable materials.
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Tetrachloroethylene
Synonyms: per chloroethylene, ethylene tetrachloride, carbon bichloride, carbon dichloride, tetrachloroethene, Freon 1110, F1110, R 1110, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene, ankilostin, antisol 1, didakene, dilatin PT, perawin, perchlor, perclene, perclene D, percosolve, perklone, persec, tetlen, tetracap, tetraleno, tetralex, tetravec, tetroguer, tetropil, further trade names
Molecular formula: C2Cl4
Physical data:
Appearance: Colorless liquid with ether-like odour
Boiling point: 121 C
Vapour density: 5.8
Vapour pressure: 13 mm Hg at 20 C
Specific gravity: 1.62
Stability: Stable: Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, alkali metals, aluminium, strong bases.
Toxicology:
Skin and eye irritant. Harmful if inhaled or ingested and in contact with skin. This chemical has been reported to cause cancer in laboratory animals. Typical TLV 50 ppm.
Toxicity data
Protective equipment: Good ventilation.
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posted by Ahmed Zeb durrani @ 10:52 AM
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